Cerebrovascular Syndromes Free

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**Table 1: Cerebral Ischemia Syndromes**
Resulting symptoms and signs from occlusion of the artery listed in left column
Anterior Cerebral Artery	Contralateral sensory neuropathy (preferential lower limb) Contralateral motor neuropathy (preferential lower limb) Bilateral gaze deviation to side of infarction Apraxia (left sided ideomotor) Akinetic mutism Primitive reflexes (grasp, suck) Behavioral abnormalities (apathy) Reduced spontaneous speech Urinary incontinence
Middle Cerebral Artery	Contralateral sensory neuropathy (preferential face and upper limb) Contralateral motor neuropathy (preferential face and upper limb) Left hemispheric infarction: Aphasia (motor, sensory, global) Gerstmann syndrome Right hemispheric infarction: Left-sided hemineglect Amusia Prosopagnosia Constructional apraxia Apractognosia Dressing apraxia Atopognosia Asomatognosia Anosognosia
Anterior Choroidal Artery	Contralateral sensory neuropathy Contralateral motor neuropathy Homonymous hemianopia
Posterior Cerebral Artery	Contralateral homonymous hemianopia/quadrantanopia Alexia without agraphia Memory impairment Choreoathetosis Contralateral hemiballismus Oculomotor palsy INO Vertical gaze palsy Cortical blindness Coma

**Table 2: Midbrain Vascular Syndromes**
List of midbrain vascular syndromes and corresponding dysfunctional structures
Weber’s Syndrome	Contralateral hemiplegia Ipsilateral CN III palsy
Claude’s Syndrome	Contralateral hemiataxia, nucleus ruber tremor (Holmes’ tremor) Cerbellar signs Ipsilateral CN III palsy
Benedict’s Syndrome	Contralateral hemichorea/athetosis or intention tremor Ipsilateral CN III palsy
Parinaud’s Syndrome	Vertical gaze palsy Lid lag and Collier’s sign Pupillary light dissociation

**Table 3: Pontine Vascular Syndromes**
List of pontine vascular syndromes and corresponding dysfunctional structures
Ataxic Hemiparesis	Ipsilateral hemiataxia Hemiparesis (LE > UE) Nystagmus Paresthesia Dysarthria
Locked-in Syndrome	Quadriplegia Horizontal gaze palsy Aphonia
Foville’s Syndrome	Ipsilateral CN VII palsy Horizontal gaze palsy (ipsilateral to lesion) Contralateral hemiplegia
Dysarthria-Clumsy Hand Syndrome	Ipsilateral CN VII palsy Dysarthria Ipsilateral UE hyperreflexia Ipsilateral Babinski sign Ipsilateral UE paresis / dyscoordination
Millard-Gubler Syndrome	Ipsilateral CN VII palsy Ipsilateral CN VI palsy Contralateral hemiplegia
Marie-Foix Syndrome	Contralateral hemiparesis Contralateral hemihypesthesia Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia
Raymond-Cestan Syndrome	Contralateral sensory loss Cerebellar ataxia Contralateral hemiparesis Conjugate gaze dysfunction

**Table 4: Medullary Vascular Syndromes**
List of medullary vascular syndromes and corresponding dysfunctional structures
Wallenberg’s Syndrome	Ipsilateral pharyngeal, palatal, and vocal cord paralysis Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome Ipsilateral facial and contralateral body hypalgesia / thermoanesthesia Ipsilateral cerebellar signs Diplopia
Lateral Ponto-medullary Syndrome	Ipsilateral facial paresis Ipsilateral tinnitus (rare abnormalities in hearing) Ipsilateral pharyngeal, palatal, and vocal cord paralysis Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome Ipsilateral facial and contralateral body hypalgesia/thermoanesthesia Ipsilateral cerebellar signs Diplopia
Dejerine Anterior Bulbar Syndrome	Contralateral proprioception and vibratory sensation loss Ipsilateral hemiparesis and atrophy of bulbar muscles Contralateral hemiplegia (not effecting face)

**Table 5: Elevated Intracranial Pressure**
Differential list for elevated intracranial pressure
Neoplastic	Primary (glioma, meningioma, oligodendroglioma, medulloblastoma, schwannoma) Meningeal carcinomatosis Metastasis
Vascular	Infarction (large) Hematoma (parenchymal, SAH, epidural, subdural) Aneurysm Anemia (pernicious, iron deficiency) Congestive heart failure Venous sinus thrombosis Hypertensive encephalopathy
Endocrine	Pregnancy state Hypoparathyroidism Addison’s disease
Infectious	Meningitis (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) Encephalitis (viral) Abscess (bacterial, fungal) Meningismus
Inflammatory	Multiple sclerosis Sarcoidosis Histiocytosis Mastoiditis Vasculitis Reye’s syndrome Cerebral edema
Toxic	Lead Arsenic Sulfonamide Tetracycline Penicillin
Metabolic	Hyper-/hypo-vitaminosis A Diabetic ketoacidosis
Congenital	Hydrocephalus (also acquired)
Miscellaneous	Trauma Pseudotumor cerebri Paget’s disease COPD Post-status epilepticus Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome Obesity

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18791/nsatlas.v2.02.1.5

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