Introduction

Medical management with anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) is the first-line intervention for patients with epilepsy. However, 30-40% of patients have seizures that cannot be adequately controlled by AEDs.¹ Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is diagnosed when seizures persist after two or more appropriate AED trials.² DRE is associated with impaired quality of life as well as higher rates of depression, anxiety, suicidality, and long-term mortality.^3,4 As a gr...