Endoscopic Endonasal Medial Condylectomy; basal view of the skull base anatomy. The occipital condyles form the antero-lateral aspect of the foramen magnum. The hypoglossal canal is located above the condyle, and runs in an oblique medial-to-lateral direction; it has been marked here with a ruler. The medial aspect of the hypoglossal canal marks the posterior limit of the medial condylectomy. A silk suture has been placed running from the foramen lacerum to the foramen magnum. This imaginary line serves as an additional reference to estimate the extent of an effective medial condylectomy. (Image courtesy of JC Fernandez-Miranda)