Exposure of left trigeminal ganglion, cerebellum, infratemporal fossa, and lateral neck. Extensive removal of skull bone has exposed the trigeminal nerve emerging from the pons and its ganglion giving rise to the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions. Posteriorly, the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum can be seen. The superior petrosal vein is also in view. It drains the anterior and lateral surfaces of the brainstem and parts of suboccipital and tentorial surfaces and empties into the superior petrosal sinus. In the infratemporal fossa the lateral pterygoid muscle has been removed. The maxillary artery, one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery, traverses the infratemporal fossa giving rise to several branches, such as those shown here: inferior alveolar, middle meningeal,  posterior superior alveolar, and infraorbital arteries. The sphenopalatine artery continues through the pterygomaxillary fissure into the pterygopalatine fossa where the maxillary nerve is also seen. The buccal and auriculotemporal branches of the mandibular nerve are in view. The inferior alveolar and lingual nerves descend on the surface of the medial pterygoid muscle to the mandibular canal and floor of the mouth, respectively. The inferior alveolar nerve gives rise to the mylohyoid nerve, motor to the mylohyoid and anterior digastric muscles. In the lateral neck, the common carotid artery divides into its external and internal carotid branches. The cervical segment of the ICA continues as the petrous segment once it enters the carotid canal. The internal jugular vein emerges from the nearby jugular foramen and descends in the neck. The hypoglossal nerve emerges between the IJV and proximal part of the ECA and courses forward superficial to the hyoglossus muscle. It then passes deep to the mylohyoid muscle to supply motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except palatoglossus. The superior root of the ansa cervicalis (containing C1 nerve fibers) leaves the epineurial sheath of the hypoglossal and descends in the neck where it unites with the inferior root to supply motor innervation to most of the infrahyoid muscles. The facial artery courses superficial to the hyoglossus and on the deep surface of the submandibular gland (not present) before emerging onto the face. The ECA terminates as the superficial temporal and maxillary arteries near the neck of the mandible. The ascending pharyngeal artery arises from the medial origin of the ECA while the superior thyroid and occipital arteries arise from respective anterior and posterior borders. The superior laryngeal artery, a branch of the superior thyroid, courses with the internal laryngeal nerve toward and through the thyrohyoid membrane to supply part of the interior of the larynx. The carotid sinus nerve, a sensory branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, innervates the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and the chemoreceptors of the carotid body. Deep neck musculature has been removed to show portions of the suboccipital muscles: obliquus capitis inferior and superior, which have common attachments to the transverse process of the atlas vertebra. Part of the vertebral artery is exposed prior to entering the transverse foramen of the atlas. It is crossed superficially by the ventral ramus of the C2 spinal nerve. The proximal portions of the anterior and middle scalene muscles are also visible. (Image courtesy of AL Rhoton, Jr.)